Aerial view of campus with Williamsport, the Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Mountain as a backdrop

Archaeology (ARCH)

Professors: Chandler, S. Johnson
Associate Professors: Adams, Munson (Coordinator)
Assistant Professor: Knauth

  • Major: Archaeology
  • Courses required for major: 12 (not including zero or 1 credit courses)
  • Non-credit Colloquium: 1 semester
  • Capstone requirement: Practical Experience, ARCH 447 Research Project, and ARCH 448 Colloquium Presentation
  • Minor: Archaeology

Archaeology is the study of the human past through material remains. This interdisciplinary major provides students with a strong foundation in the major concepts, methods, and theories of the field, and allows them to focus on past cultures and societies in the Americas and the Mediterranean world (Ancient Near East, Classical Mediterranean, or early Medieval Europe). Students majoring in archaeology can also choose topics and specialty areas of particular interest to them, with opportunities for collaboration with ongoing excavations and other forms of supervised field research. Beyond a career in archaeology, students also translate the skills and knowledge they acquire in archaeology into museum curation, historic preservation, cultural resource management, education, and antiquities trade law enforcement, among many other career pathways.

Major Requirements

The major consists of twelve courses, at least three of which must be at the 300-level or above, plus a non-credit Colloquium and a Practical Experience, as follows:

A. Core courses in Archaeology and Anthropology, plus Archaeology Colloquium:

     ANTH 102     Patterns in Prehistory
     ARCH 105     History from Things
     ARCH 200     Archaeological Principles
     ARCH 427     Archaeological Theory and Method
     ARCH 447     Archaeological Research Design
     ARCH 448     Archaeology Colloquium (non-credit)

B. Three Culture-Specific Courses:

Take two courses from the same Culture Area list, one of which must be an ARCH course. Take one additional course from either of the Culture Area lists or ARCH/ANTH/REL 401.

   Culture Area 1 - Americas (Latin America, Mesoamerica, North America)
    • ARCH 231 Mesoamerican Cultures and Society
    • ARCH/ANTH 331 Making the Maya World
    • ANTH 230 Anthropology of Latin America
    • ARHI 342 Art and Politics in Latin America
    • ENGL 222 Early American Literature
    • ENGL 229 African American Literature
    • HIST 221 Latin America
    • HIST 225 Indigenous Early America
    • HIST 226 Era of the American Revolution
    • HIST 230 African American History
    • HIST 233 Civil War and Reconstruction
    • HIST 324 Early American Law and Society
    • HIST 402 Revel, Riot, and Rebellion in Early America
    • PSCI 245 Latin American Politics
    • SPAN 311 Hispanic Culture
    • SPAN 321 Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture
    • SPAN 426 Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture
    Culture Area 2 - Ancient Near East, Classical Mediterranean, Medieval Europe
    • ARCH/REL 226 Archaeology of Ancient Israel and its Neighbors
    • ARCH 227 Building Mediterranean Empires
    • ENGL 220 British Literature I
    • ENGL 311 Medieval Literature
    • ENGL 335 Chaucer
    • HIST 210 Ancient Greece and Rome or
    • HIST 211 From Rome to the Vikings
    • HIST 212 Medieval Europe and its Neighbors
    • HIST 232 The Rise of Islam
    • HIST 334 Origins of Europe
    • HIST 336 Crusades Conflict and Accommodation
    • MDVS 200 Introduction to Medieval Studies
    • PHIL 201 Ancient Greek Philosophy
    • PHIL 202 Medieval Philosophy
    • REL 113 Introduction to the Old Testament
    • REL 114 Introduction to the New Testament
    • REL 213 Medieval Women’s Religious Literature
    • REL 221 The Hellenistic-Roman World
    • REL 228 History and Culture of the Ancient Near East
    • REL 333 Old Testament Women
    • REL 337 Biblical Topics

       Two electives in Comparative Perspectives, at least one of which must be ARCH, from:

    • ANTH 232 Environmental Anthropology
    • ANTH 310 Food and Culture
    • ANTH 320 Special Topics in Anthropology
    • ANTH 334 Economic Anthropology
    • ARCH/ANTH 210 Talking Trash
    • ARCH/ANTH/REL 233 Archaeology of Ritual
    • ARCH/ANTH 311 Power and Prestige in the Past
    • ARCH 220/320 Special Topics in Archaeology
    • ARHI 339 Gender and Sexuality in Art
    • ARHI 344 Race and Ethnicity in Art
    • HIST 329 Empires and Resistance
    • HIST 338 Rights, Reform, and Protest
    • HIST 342 Women and Reform
    • PSCI 249 Special Topics in Comparative Politics
    • SOC 240 Sociology of Race and Ethnicity
    • SOC 241 Sociology of Gender and Sexuality

       Any two courses from any of the Specialty Areas listed below:

       Specialty Area 1 – Visual Analysis (Art/Art History)

    •  ARCH/HIST 470 Internship 
    • ARHI 22 Introduction to Art History I 
    • ARHI/ARCH 332 Ancient Art and Archaeology 
    • ARHI 335 From Cabinets of Curiosities to Contemporary Art Museums 
    • ART 111 Drawing
    • ART 119 Ceramics I 
    • ART 229 Ceramics II
    • ART 227 Photography
    • ART 240 Digital Photography

       Other Art History or Studio Art courses by Academic Standards Committee appeal if not already counted.

        Specialty Area 2 – Language/Linguistics

    • ENGL 219 History of the English Language
    • GRK 102 (or above)   
    • HEBR 102 (or above) 
    • LAT 102 (or above)    
    • SPAN 111 (or above)
        Specialty Area 3 – STEM Fields

    • ARCH 403 Laboratory Methods in Archaeology
    • ASTR 333 Ancient Astronomy
    • BIO 222 Genetics 
    • BIO 224 Ecology
    • BIO 225 Plant Sciences
    • BIO 338 Human Anatomy
    • CHEM 219 Organic and Biochemistry
    • CHEM 222/223 Organic Chemistry I / Organic Chemistry Laboratory I
    • CHEM 224/225 Organic Chemistry II / Organic Chemistry Laboratory II
    • CPTR 125 Introduction to Computer Science
    • DSCI 101 Introduction to Data Science
    • ENV 200 Introduction to Geology
    • ENV 215  Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
    • ENV 220 Environmental Biology
    • MATH 130 Modelling with Matrices
    • MATH 123 Introduction to Statistics 
    • MATH 214 Multivariable Statistics
    • SOC 212  Contagion
    • SOC 312 Social Networks

    Capstone Requirements

    The capstone experience consists of the following three components:

    1) Senior Seminar: complete ARCH 447, including design and presentation of a substantial independent Research Project using archaeological data.

    2) Practical Experience: participate in an approved archaeological field school, survey, or field research project, or complete a relevant internship. This need not be for credit, but these experiences typically involve at least 140 hours in the field, and students must keep and submit a journal documenting the experience. Optional credit may be earned as ARCH/ANTH/REL 401 Field Archaeology, ARCH/ANTH 403 Laboratory Methods, or ARCH/ANTH/ARHI/ART/HIST 470 Internship.

    3) Colloquium Presentation: give a presentation in ARCH 448, normally based on the seminar research project and/or practical experience, presenting significant independent research relating to archaeology.

     

    Minor Requirements

    A minor in Archaeology consists of five courses, including ARCH 105 and 200; one culture-specific Archaeology course ARCH/REL 226, ARCH 227, ARCH 231, or ARCH/ANTH 331; one additional ARCH course; and one additional course from ARCH, ANTH, or ENV 215.

    105
    HISTORY FROM THINGS
    An introduction to basic archaeological methods as traditionally and currently practiced in the
    Mediterranean region, ancient Near East, and Europe, integrated with a diverse series of case studies,
    to learn how archaeologists reconstruct history from things. Emphasis is placed on the integration and
    interplay of archaeological, historical, art historical, and scientific approaches, ranging from basic survey
    and excavation techniques to analysis of contemporary inscriptions and artistic depictions, in conjunction
    with analysis of architectural features and material culture. A practical lab component provides students
    with hands-on opportunities to practice some of the techniques most commonly utilized in the field. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement.

    200
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
    An introduction to the major concepts and principles of archaeological research and the techniques used to study the human past through the retrieval, analysis, and interpretation of material remains. Includes a practical laboratory component.

    210
    TALKING TRASH: ARCHAEOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE
    Examines the material remains and built environments that are the product of people’s everyday life. Focusing on the household as a central analytical unit, students investigate the residential spaces and things that people produce and consume in domestic contexts in order to study past demographic patterns, social interactions and status, subsistence practices, divisions of labor, as well as group ideology and communal practices in ancient human societies. Case studies drawn from ethnography and archaeology examine the patterns of everyday life in the ancient Near East, Mediterranean, and the Americas. Cross-listed as ANTH 210. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years.

  • 220 
    SPECIAL TOPICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY  
    Study of selected archaeological topics. May be repeated for credit with consent of instructor when topics are different. Credit may not be earned for both ARCH 220 and 320 on the same topic.  

    226
    ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL AND ITS NEIGHBORS
    A brief introduction to basic archaeological method as currently practiced in the eastern Mediterranean region and an in-depth study of the typological development of architecture, mortuary practices, artifacts and material culture of ancient Israel and Canaan (the land of the Bible) from representative excavations through different historical periods. Special attention is given to the role of archaeology in reconstructing the world in which biblical literature originated, along with archaeological results that help illuminate or clarify the biblical text. Cross-listed as REL 226. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years.

  •  227  
    BUILDING MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRES 
    From Alexander the Great to Constantine, from Charlemagne to the Crusades, empires were not just “conquered,” they were built – with city planning and infrastructure, public architecture, and establishment of cultural expectations for religion, language, production and trade, patronage, education, law, athletics, art and theatre. Students examine the archaeology, art, and architecture of the Hellenistic, Roman, and Early Medieval eras of the Mediterranean region, to uncover significant trends in the typological development of ancient material remains of various categories within their historical and cultural contexts. An interdisciplinary approach considering a variety of lines of material evidence is used to reveal ancient methods of building and projecting power in these slices of ancient history, and how this affected the lives of ordinary people who lived there. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years. 

    231
    MESOAMERICAN CULTURES AND SOCIETY
    An overview of the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec societies, and other native peoples of Mexico and Central America, including the chronological development of cultures and related key topics. Emphasis on the variability and interactions among individuals and groups by age, gender, ethnicity, class, and polities during pre- and post-conquest times. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years.

    233
    ARCHAEOLOGY OF RITUAL
    In-depth cross-cultural study of the archaeological remains of ancient ritual practices. While the meaning of ancient rituals is not directly accessible to us today, archaeologists study the spaces, objects, actors, and material residues of past ritual practices to understand their role and significance in past societies. Case studies drawn from the ancient Near East, Mediterranean, and the Americas. Cross-listed as ANTH 233 and REL 233. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years.

    311
    POWER AND PRESTIGE IN THE PAST
    In-depth analysis of the development and operation of state-level societies from anthropological and archaeological perspectives. Topics include the emergence of social inequality, definitions of state and power, political organization, collective action, and the role of ideology in complex societies. Case studies drawn from the ancient Near East, Mediterranean, and the Americas. Cross-listed as ANTH 311. Prerequisite: One 4-credit ANTH course or junior or senior standing. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years.

    320
    SPECIAL TOPICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
    Study of selected archaeological topics, theorists, or methods. Sample topics include household archaeology, archaeology of power, archaeology of ritual, origins of social inequality, and ceramic analysis. Prerequisite: ARCH 200 or consent of instructor. May be repeated for credit with consent of instructor when topics are different. Credit may not be earned for both ARCH 220 and 320 on the same topic. 

  • 331  
    MAKING THE MAYA WORLD  
    A wide-ranging exploration of ancient Maya civilization and of the various ways archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, historians, and indigenous communities have examined and manipulated the Maya past. From the thrill of decipherment to painstaking and technical artifact studies, from tropes of long-hidden mysteries rescued from the jungle to New Age appropriations of pre-Columbian rituals, students examine how models drawn from archaeology, anthropology, art history, ethnography, political science, and popular culture have shaped current understandings of the ancient Maya world, and how the Maya world has, at times, resisted easy appropriation and defied expectations. Cross-listed as ANTH 331. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement. Alternate years. 

    332
    ANCIENT ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY
    An exploration of the ancient cultures of the Near East and Mediterranean as elucidated by modern archaeological research, through examination of their art and architecture. Cross-listed as ARHI 332. Fulfills Global Cultural Diversity Requirement.

    348
    JUNIOR ARCHAEOLOGY COLLOQUIUM
    A forum for senior presentations, faculty and outside speakers relating to archaeology, plus occasional outside workshops and events. This course is a prerequisite for ARCH 448. Students considering study abroad in the fall of their junior year should take ARCH 348 in the fall of their sophomore year if possible. 1-2 hours per week. Pass/Fail. Non-credit seminar.

    401
    FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY
    Participation in an approved archaeological dig, survey, or field research program. Includes instruction in excavation or survey techniques, recording and processing of artifacts, and exposure to the wider results of related excavation and research and the use of archaeology as a tool for elucidating historical and cultural changes. This course acquaints students with the basic techniques and procedures used in modern archaeology through intensive hands-on fieldwork. Cross-listed as ANTH 401, and as REL 401 for some Mediterranean and Near Eastern digs with approval. Prerequisite: ARCH 200 or consent of instructor. Special fees apply. May Term or Summer Sessions only.

    403
    LABORATORY METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
    Acquaints students with the basic methods and techniques used to analyze archaeological materials.
    Students gain practical experience in the description, inventory, and analysis of artifacts, processing
    of specimens, and data documentation. Includes lectures, laboratory, and museum visits. Cross-listed
    as ANTH 403. Prerequisite: ARCH 200 or consent of instructor. Special fees apply. May Term or Summer
    Sessions.

    421
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SUPERVISION
    Participation in an archaeological excavation or field school program at the level of assistant supervisor
    or above. Includes instruction in on-site supervision of daily digging, record-keeping, and interpretation
    of finds, and/or specialized training in excavation project coordination, data processing, or analysis of
    specific types of material culture. Research project required. Prerequisite: ANTH/ARCH/REL 401 or
    equivalent experience. Special fees apply. May Term or
    Summer Sessions only.

    427
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY AND METHOD
    This seminar acquaints the student with the history of archaeological thinking over the past century.
    Current archaeological theory is covered in some detail; students learn to identify, examine, and evaluate
    specific theories. Prerequisite: ANTH 102, ARCH 200, and one course in ARCH numbered 200 or above; or
    consent of instructor.

    447
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN
    Building on ARCH 427, students design and present a substantial research project that articulates a
    research question or hypothesis with a logical plan of data collection and analysis, and uses archaeological
    data to address a specific topic or issue. Prerequisite: ARCH 427.  Corequisite: ARCH 448.

    448
    SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGY COLLOQUIUM
    A forum for senior presentations, faculty and outside speakers relating to archaeology, plus occasional
    outside workshops and events. 1-2 hours per week. Non-credit seminar. Prerequisite: ARCH 348 or consent
    of instructor.

    470-479
    INTERNSHIP
    Interns in archaeology usually work in historical museums or art museums under the supervision of a
    museum director/curator/archaeologist and a member of the faculty. Course can also be designated
    as ANTH, ARHI, ART, HIST, or REL and taken through the relevant department.

    N80-N89
    INDEPENDENT STUDY
    This course represents an opportunity to pursue specific research interests not usually covered in regular
    courses. Course can also be designated as ANTH, ARHI, ART, HIST, or REL and taken through the relevant
    department.

    490-491
    INDEPENDENT STUDY FOR DEPARTMENTAL HONORS