Equilibrium – definition
Kp vs. Kc – going from chemical equation to equilibrium expression
Determination of K values from experimental data
Determination of concentrations from other equilibrium concentration and K value
Use of Q (calculation and interpretation)
Determination of equilibrium concentrations from nonequilibrium conditions for gaseous systems
When do you have to use quadratic formula, when can you simplify?
LeChatelier’s principle – definition, changing amount of reactants/products, changing container volume/pressure, and changing temp
Haber-Bosch and the natural vs. industrial fixing of nitrogen
Chp. 18
1. Know Arrhenius theory of acids/bases
2. Know Bronsted theory of acids/bases
3. Know difference between Kc, Ka, and Kb for acids/bases
4. Be able to manipulate [H3O+], [OH-], pH, pOH
5. Be able to qualitatively predict the direction of reaction in an acid/base reaction
6. Be able to recognize how large of an effect (if any) a potential acid/base will have on pH (key is position of the conjugate pair in question relative to water-based ionizations)
7. Know what structural factors contribute to making an acid stronger. This applies to binary acids, oxo acids, carboxylic acids. Also be able to recognize amines as bases. Will need to be able to draw Lewis structures (with formal charges) for all of the above plus their conj. bases.
8. Know how acid/base reactions occur in terms of electron movements
9. Know how to determine pH of a weak acid or weak base sol’n (also strong acid or strong base)
10. Know how to treat polyprotic acids (sulfuric acid vs. the rest)
11. Be able to interconvert Ka and Kb for a given conjugate pair, also pKa, pKb
12. Understand the two ways the terms "strong" and "weak" are used in acid base chemistry
13. Know relationship between Ka and pKa (and pKa trends)
14. Be able to predict (qualitatively) the effect of salts on pH. Also be able to back that up with an
appropriate chemical equation
Chp. 19
1. Common ion effect as it applies to acid base rxns.
2. Buffers, what they consist of, how they attenuate pH change upon addition of acids or bases (including the appropriate chemical equations and quantitative determination of pH using the HH eqn before and after addition of acids or bases).
3. Know what acid rain is. What effects it has on land and lake. Know ways to attenuate the damage caused by acid rain.
That’s it I think. Be happy to talk to you one on one or in group situations. Exam will consist of some multiple choice, lotsa calculations, and a few short answer type deals (involving both words and pictures). Make sure you know all relevant mathematical formulas. I will supply necessary constants and the acid base list we've been working off of (stripped of most orienting comments), and the dreaded quadratic formula. It should be fun.
Test will start at 11:25 Friday. Arrive with calculator and empty bladder (no one will be able to leave the room until they turn in their exam).