The requirement for taking ASTR 448 can be satisfied by doing an individual studies or honors project where the results would be presented at a departmental colloquium. A double major in astronomy and physics need only take the course once. Students participating in an engineering 3-2 program will be exempt from taking ASTR 448.

The following courses are recommended: PHIL 223 and 333, PHYS 333, and Art 227.

Students interested in teacher certification should refer to the Department of Education on page 95.

The following course has been approved to be offered as a writing intensive course and may be offered as such: ASTR 230. Students must check semester class schedules to determine which courses are offered as "W" courses for that semester.

A minor in astronomy consists of a grade of C or better in both ASTR 111 and PHYS 225 plus any three additional courses selected from PHYS 226 or ASTR courses numbered 200 or higher.

FIELD GEOLOGY

OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY

A methods course providing the opportunity to make a variety of astronomical observations, both visually and photographically, with and without telescopes. The planetarium is used to familiarize the student with the sky at various times during the year and from different locations on earth. May or summer term only.

PRINCIPLES OF ASTRONOMY

PRINCIPLES OF ASTRONOMY

PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

A study of the surface processes and internal structure of the planet Earth. Shows how past events and lifeforms can be reconstructed from preserved evidence to reveal the geologic history of our planet from its origin to the present. Describes the ways geology influences our environment. ASTR 102 and 112 share the same three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory each week. 112 has one additional hour each week for more advanced mathematical treatment of the material. Credit may not be earned for both 102 and 112. Corequisite for 112: MATH 127 or consent of instructor. Alternate years.

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT I

Traces the beginnings of rocketry and spaceflight capability from Sputnik (1957) through the conclusion of the Apollo moon landings (1972). Extensive use of NASA video and other audio-visual aids. Examination of scientific, engineering and political motivations. When taken in May term, must be scheduled with ASTR 115. Not for distribution. Alternate years. One-half unit of credit.

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT II

Examines manned spaceflight from Skylab missions (1973-74) through Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, early Space Shuttle missions, to current U.S. and Soviet space efforts. Extensive use of NASA video. Examination of scientific, engineering, and political motivations. When taken in May Term, must be scheduled with ASTR 114. Not for distribution. Alternate years. One-half unit of credit.

PLANETARIUM TECHNIQUES

PLANETARY SCIENCE

A comparative survey of the various classes of natural objects that orbit the sun, including the major planets, their satellites, the minor planets, and comets. Topics include meteorological processes in atmospheres, geological processes that shape surface features, internal structures, the role of spacecraft in the exploration of the solar system, and clues to the origin and dynamic evolution of the solar system. Four hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: a grade of C or better in ASTR 111 or 112, or PHYS 225. Alternate years.

RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY

A detailed presentation of the special theory of relativity and an introduction to the general theory. Topics include: observational and experimental tests of relativity, four-vectors, tensors, space-time curvature, alternative cosmological models, and the origin and future of the universe. Four hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: ASTR 111 and PHYS 225. Alternate years. Cross-listed as PHYS 344.

STELLAR EVOLUTION

The motion of objects in gravitational fields. Introduction to the n-body problem. The relation between stellar motions and the galactic potential. The large-scale structure of galaxies in general and of the Milky Way Galaxy in particular. Four hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: ASTR 111 and PHYS 225. Alternate years.

RESEARCH TOPICS

Students participate in a research project under the guidance of a faculty member in the department. In weekly meetings, they share reports from the literature and report on their own work. Topics will range from abstract theoretical to selected practical experimental investigations. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Cross-listed as PHYS 448.

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS COLLOQUIA

This non-credit but required course for juniors and seniors majoring in astronomy and physics offers students a chance to meet and hear active scientists in astronomy, physics, and related scientific areas talk about their own research or professional activities. In addition, majors in astronomy and physics must present two lectures, one given during the junior year and one given during the senior year, on the results of a literature survey or their individual research. Students majoring in this department are required to attend four semesters during the junior and senior years. A letter grade will be given when the student gives a lecture. Otherwise the grade will be P/F. Students in the Cooperative Program in Liberal Arts and Engineering are required to attend two semesters and present one lecture during their junior year. Non-credit course. One hour per week. Cross-listed as PHYS 349 & 449.

INTERNSHIP (See index)

INDEPENDENT STUDY (See index)

Independent studies may be undertaken in most areas of astronomy.

The major in physics requires courses in physics, chemistry and mathematics. The required courses are PHYS 225, 226, 331, 332, 448 and four additional courses numbered PHYS 333 or higher; CHEM 110-111 or 330-331; and MATH 128-129. Physics majors are also required to register for four semesters of PHYS 349 and 449 (non-credit colloquia).

The requirement for taking PHYS 448 can be satisfied by doing an individual studies or honors project where the results would be presented at a departmental colloquium. A double major in astronomy and physics need only take the course once. Students participating in an engineering 3-2 program will be exempt from taking PHYS 448.

Up to two courses chosen from ASTR 111, 112, 243, 445 and 446 may substitute for two of the four physics electives. The following courses are recommended: MATH 231, 238; CPTR 125 (all three required for the cooperative engineering program and by many graduate schools), and PHIL 223, 333.

Students interested in teacher certification should refer to the Department of Education on page 95.

The following courses have been approved to be offered as writing intensive courses and may be offered as such: PHYS 338, 447. Students must check semester class schedules to determine which courses are offered as "W" courses for that semester.

A minor in physics requires completion of the following courses with a C grade or better: PHYS 225-226, 331, 332, and one additional course selected from PHYS courses numbered 300 or higher.

ENERGY ALTERNATIVES

A physicist’s definition of work, energy, and power. The various energy sources available for use, such as fossil fuels, nuclear fission and fusion, hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal. The advantages and disadvantages of each energy-conversion method, including availability, efficiency, and environmental effects. Present areas of energy research and possible future developments. Projections of possible future energy demands. Exercises and experiments in energy collection, conversion, and utilization. May or summer term only.

An introduction to several major concepts of physics which have developed over the past several centuries, relating them to their broad implications. The emphasis is on a descriptive rather than a mathematical discussion of topics which range from early Greek concepts of science to present day methods and techniques used to describe the physical universe. Many distinctions and similarities between science and other areas of human endeavor will be studied to demonstrate the beauty, simplicity, harmony, and grandeur of some of the basic laws which govern the universe. Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week. Alternate years.

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS I-II

A mathematically rigorous introduction to physics designed for majors in physics, astronomy, chemistry and mathematics. Topics include mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, waves, optics, and modern physics. Five hours of lecture and recitation and one three-hour laboratory per week. Core-quisite: MATH 128 or 129. With consent of department, MATH 109 may substitute for MATH 128 or 129 as a prerequisite.

CLASSICAL MECHANICS

An analytical approach to classical mechanics. Topics include: kinematics and dynamics of single particles and systems of particles, gravitation and other central forces, moving reference frames, and Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics. Four hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: MATH 129 and a grade of C or better in PHYS 225.

ELECTROMAGNETISM

A theoretical treatment of classical electromagnetism. Topics include: electrostatics, magnetostatics, electric and magnetic potentials, electric and magnetic properties of matter, Maxwell’s equations, the electromagnetic field, and the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. Four hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisite: MATH 129 and a grade of C or better in PHYS 226.

OPTICS

MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS

Solution of ordinary linear differential equations using power series and Laplace transforms, nonlinear differential and coupled differential equations, Fourier analysis using both trigonometric and complex exponential functions, complex variables, eigenvalue problems, infinite dimensional vector spaces, partial differential equations, boundary value problem solutions to the wave equation, heat flow equation and Laplace’s equation. Prerequisites: MATH 231 and 238. Alternate years.

Classical thermodynamics will be presented, showing that the macroscopic properties of a system can be specified without a knowledge of the microscopic properties of the constituents of the system. Then statistical mechanics will be developed, showing that these same macroscopic properties are determined by the microscopic properties. Four hours of lecture and recitation per week. Prerequisites: PHYS 226 and MATH 129. Alternate years.

MODERN PHYSICS

Thorough investigation of changes in the classical understanding of space and time together with those of energy and matter that led to the time development of relativistic and quantum mechanical theories. Topics include: introduction to special relativity, blackbody radiation, the postulation of the photon and quantization, atomic spectra, interactions of matter and energy, Bohr model of the atom, concepts of symmetry, and development and applications of the Schrodinger equation. Four hours of lecture and one-three hour laboratory per week. Prerequisites: MATH 129 and a grade of C or better in PHYS 226.

SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Topics include crystalline structures, periodic potentials, band structure, free electron model, semiconductor physics, electromagnetic and thermal properties of solids, superconductivity, and superfluidity. Four hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: PHYS 332 and MATH 129; or consent of instructor. Alternate years.

RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY

A detailed presentation of the special theory of relativity and an introduction to the general theory. Topics include: observational and experimental tests of relativity, four vectors, tensors, space-time curvature, alternative cosmological models, and the origin and future of the universe. Four hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: ASTR 111 and PHYS 225. Alternate years. Cross-listed as ASTR 344.

Basic concepts and formulation of quantum theory. The free particle, the simple harmonic oscillator, the hydrogen atom, and central force problems will be discussed. Both time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory will be covered. Four hours of lecture and recitation. Prerequisite: Either PHYS 226 or CHEM 331, and MATH 231. Cross-listed as CHEM 439.

NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

The course will consider properties of nuclei, nuclear models, radioactivity, nuclear reactions (including fission and fusion), and properties of elementary particles. The interactions of nuclear particles with matter and the detection of nuclear particles will be covered. It will be shown how observed phenomena lead to theories on the nature of fundamental interactions, how these forces act at the smallest measurable distances, and what is expected to occur at even smaller distances. Four hours of lecture and recitation and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: PHYS 226, MATH 129, and either PHYS 338 or CHEM 110. Alternate years.

RESEARCH TOPICS

Students participate in a research project under the guidance of a faculty member in the department. In weekly meetings, they share reports from the literature and report on their

own work. Topics will range from abstract theoretical to selected practical experimental investigations. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Cross-listed as ASTR 448.

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS COLLOQUIA

This non-credit but required course for juniors and seniors majoring in astronomy and physics offers students a chance to meet and hear active scientists in astronomy, physics and related scientific areas talk about their own research or professional activities. In addition, majors in astronomy and physics must present two lectures, one given during the junior year and one given during the senior year, on the results of a literature survey or their individual research. Students majoring in this department are required to attend four semesters during the junior and senior years. A letter grade will be given when the student gives a lecture. Otherwise the grade will be P/F. Students in the Cooperative Program in Liberal Arts and Engineering are required to attend two semesters and present one lecture during their junior year. Non-credit course. One hour per week. Cross-listed as ASTR 349 & 449.

INTERNSHIP (See index)

Interns in physics work off campus under the supervision of professional physicists employed by local industries or hospitals.

INDEPENDENT STUDY (See index)

Independent studies may be undertaken in most areas of physics.