The following information has been provided by alumni volunteers who live in the Philadelphia area and is intended solely as a guide. For official Philadelphia visitor information, please visit http://www.gophila.com/.
Many hotels near the Constitution Center area are either very expensive or get well-deserved poor reviews. It's interesting how much price variation exists among the various hotel search engines. Shop around, and for price comparisons always check and factor in parking costs at regional hotels. Overnight street parking in Philly is hard to find in Center City.
Sofitel Philadelphia
120 S 17th St
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(215) 569-8300 - (215) 564-7452
http://www.sofitel.com/sofitel/fichehotel/gb/sof/2741/fiche_hotel.shtml
A bargain for what you get (priced around $180). It is elegant and comfy at the same time. There is also an onsite restaurant. It is in "center city" near shopping and restaurants.
Club Quarters Philadelphia
1628 Chestnut St
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(215) 282-5000
http://www.clubquarters.com/loc_philadelphia.aspx
This is a hotel that doesn’t have a lot of the conventional hotel extras (restaurants, a pool) but it looks good in the photos and from the outside when I’ve walked by. It’s value priced at about $146.
Hilton Garden Inn Philadelphia City Center
1100 Arch St
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215 923-0100
http://hiltongardenphilly.com/
HGI is a lot closer to Independence Hall and is situated adjacent to the Reading Terminal Market and is a short walk from 5-6 blocks from Constitution Hall. The "curb appeal" isn't so hot, but then convenience may be a big factor for some. Priced at $170, the value lies in its proximity to more of the historic area and to China Town.
In addition, some of the hotel search engines show Courtyard by Marriott Philadelphia Downtown priced moderately.
There are a few other boutique hotels in the historic district:

There aren't any big hotels within walking distance of the Constitution Center, but there are a lot by City Hall, which is an easy cab ride (about 10 -15 blocks). Those listed below are in the $100-$200 per night range (and there are lots of other hotels nearby).
Latham Hotel - Philadelphia
135 S 17th St
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(215) 563-7474
(877) 528-4261 Toll Free
http://www.lathamhotel.com/accommodations/index.aspx
The Windsor Suites
1700 Ben Franklin Pkwy
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(215) 981-5678
http://www.windsorhotel.com/
Philadelphia Center City Residence Inn by Marriott
1 E Penn Sq
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 557-0005 or (800) 331-3131
http://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/phlri-residence-inn-philadelphia-center-city/
Doubletree Hotel Philadelphia
237 S. Broad St.
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 893-1600
http://doubletree1.hilton.com
Hyatt Regency Philadelphia at Penn's Landing
201 S Columbus Blvd
Philadelphia, PA 19106
(215) 928-1234
http://pennslanding.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp